PostgreSQL 是世界上最先进的开源数据库，也是第四大最受欢迎的数据库。在20多年的开发中，PostgreSQL 由一个组织良好，高度原则性和经验丰富的开源社区管理。它是一个面向对象的数据库，完全符合 ACID 标准且具有高度可扩展性，使社区能够随着工作负载需求的发展添加新的特性和功能。

由于其可扩展性，PostgreSQL 提供了多种内置的 PostgreSQL 数据类型，包括 JSON，XML，HSTORE（键值），Geo-spatial（PostGIS），IPv6，灵活的索引，具有复合索引，GiST，SP-GiST，GIN;全文搜索，在线索引重组;后台工作线程，例如称为 Mongress 的托管进程，它接受 MongoDB 查询以与 Postgres 数据接口;一个 contrib 模块接口：pgcrypto（数据加密），pg_trgm（查找“类似”数据），HSTORE（无模式数据）;和广泛的 SQL 支持。

PostgreSQL 可以在所有主要的操作系统上运行，包括 Linux，UNIX（AIX，BSD，HP-UX，macOS，Solaris）和 Windows。它提供以下编程语言：PL / pgSQL，PL / SQL，Java，Python，Ruby，C / C +，PHP，Perl，Tcl，Scheme。Postgres 还提供以下库接口：OCI、libpq、JDBC、ODBC、.NET、Perl、Python、Ruby、C/C+、PHP、Lisp、Scheme 和 Qt。

PostgreSQL 数据库提供企业级数据库解决方案，并被许多行业的各种企业使用，包括金融服务，信息技术，政府以及媒体和通信。

PostgreSQL 中文多语免费版

什么是 PostgreSQL？

PostgreSQL 是一个功能强大的开源对象关系数据库系统，它使用并扩展了 SQL 语言，并结合了许多可安全存储和扩展最复杂数据工作负载的特性。 PostgreSQL 的起源可以追溯到 1986 年，作为加州大学伯克利分校 POSTGRES 项目的一部分，并在核心平台上进行了 30 多年的积极开发。

PostgreSQL 因其久经考验的架构、可靠性、数据完整性、强大的功能集、可扩展性以及软件背后的开源社区致力于始终如一地提供高性能和创新解决方案而赢得了良好的声誉。 PostgreSQL 可在所有主要操作系统上运行，自 2001 年以来一直符合 ACID，并具有强大的附加组件，例如流行的 PostGIS 地理空间数据库扩展器。毫不奇怪，PostgreSQL 已成为许多人和组织选择的开源关系数据库。

开始使用 PostgreSQL 从未如此简单 – 选择一个您想要构建的项目，让 PostgreSQL 安全可靠地存储您的数据。

为什么使用 PostgreSQL？

PostgreSQL 具有许多功能，旨在帮助开发人员构建应用程序，帮助管理员保护数据完整性和构建容错环境，并帮助您管理数据，无论数据集有多大或多小。除了免费和开源之外，PostgreSQL 还具有高度可扩展性。例如，您可以定义自己的数据类型、构建自定义函数，甚至使用不同的编程语言编写代码，而无需重新编译数据库！

PostgreSQL 试图符合 SQL 标准，这样的一致性不会与传统特性相矛盾或可能导致糟糕的架构决策。支持 SQL 标准所需的许多功能，但有时语法或功能略有不同。随着时间的推移，可以预期进一步朝着一致性迈进。从 2021 年 9 月发布的第 14 版开始，PostgreSQL 至少符合 SQL:2016 Core 一致性的 179 个强制性特性中的 170 个。在撰写本文时，没有任何关系数据库完全符合该标准。

以下是 PostgreSQL 中各种功能的详尽列表，每个主要版本中都会添加更多功能：

• 数据类型

基元：整数、数字、字符串、布尔值
结构化：日期/时间、数组、范围/多范围、UUID
文档：JSON/JSONB、XML、键值（Hstore）
几何：点、线、圆、多边形
自定义：复合，自定义类型

• 数据完整性

唯一，不为空
主密钥
外密钥
排除约束
显式锁，建议锁

• 并发性，性能

索引：B-tree、多列、表达式、部分
高级索引：GiST、SP-Gist、KNN Gist、GIN、BRIN、覆盖索引、布隆过滤器
复杂的查询计划器/优化器、仅索引扫描、多列统计信息
事务、嵌套事务（通过保存点）
多版本并发控制 (MVCC)
读取查询的并行化和构建 B-tree 索引
表分区
SQL 标准中定义的所有事务隔离级别，包括 Serializable
表达式的即时 (JIT) 编译

• 可靠性，灾难恢复

预写式日志记录 (WAL)
复制：异步、同步、逻辑
时间点恢复 (PITR)，活动备用
表空间

• 安全

身份验证：GSSAPI、SSPI、LDAP、SCRAM-SHA-256、证书等
强大的门禁系统
列和行级别的安全性
使用证书和其他方法的多因素身份验证

• 可扩展性

存储函数和过程
过程语言：PL/PGSQL、Perl、Python（等等）
SQL/JSON 路径表达式
外部数据包装器：使用标准 SQL 接口连接到其他数据库或流
可定制的表格存储界面
许多提供附加功能的扩展，包括 PostGIS

• 国际化，文本搜索

支持国际字符集，例如 通过 ICU 整理
不区分大小写和不区分重音的排序规则
全文搜索

您可以在 PostgreSQL 文档中发现更多功能。 此外，PostgreSQL 具有高度可扩展性：许多功能（例如索引）都定义了 API，以便您可以使用 PostgreSQL 进行构建以解决您的挑战。

PostgreSQL 已被证明具有高度可扩展性，无论是在它可以管理的庞大数据量还是在它可以容纳的并发用户数量上。 生产环境中有活跃的 PostgreSQL 集群来管理数 TB 的数据，以及专门的系统来管理数 PB 的数据。

此外，该应用程序还具有直观的功能，即 Vacuum、Analyze 和 Reindex，可帮助您在几秒钟内维护数据库对象。第一个函数扫描数据库或表中不再使用的行。如果一行被更新或删除，之前的内容不会被替换，而是被标记为无效。第二个功能名为分析，调查每个选定的数据库或表包含的所有可用值。重新索引功能可帮助您快速重建索引，以防它们被不寻常的插入数据模式修改。

总的来说，PostgreSQL 被证明是一个稳定的解决方案，可以帮助 DBA 快速管理多个数据库，并且由于它支持包括 Perl、Java、Ruby、C/C++ 和 Python 在内的各种编程语言，它能够运行不同的存储过程和 SQL脚本。

PostgreSQL 许可证

PostgreSQL 是在 PostgreSQL 许可证下发布的，这是一个自由的开源许可证，类似于 BSD 或 MIT 许可证。

官方主页

What’s new in PostgreSQL 18.0
Sep 25, 2025
Introducing asynchronous I/O:
PostgreSQL previously relied on operating system readahead mechanisms to accelerate data retrieval. However, because operating systems lack insight into database-specific access patterns, they cannot always anticipate what data will be required, leading to suboptimal performance in many workloads.
PostgreSQL 18 introduces a new asynchronous I/O (AIO) subsystem designed to address this limitation. AIO lets PostgreSQL issue multiple I/O requests concurrently instead of waiting for each to finish in sequence. This expands existing readahead and improves overall throughput. AIO operations supported in PostgreSQL 18 include sequential scans, bitmap heap scans, and vacuum. Benchmarking has demonstrated performance gains of up to 3x in certain scenarios.
The new io_method setting lets you toggle between the AIO methods, including worker and io_uring, or you can choose to maintain the current PostgreSQL behavior with the sync setting. There are now more parameters to consider tuning with AIO, which you can learn more about in the documentation.
Faster upgrades, better post-upgrade performance:
A key PostgreSQL feature is the generation and storage of statistics that help PostgreSQL select the most efficient query plan. Before PostgreSQL 18, these statistics didn’t carry over on a major version upgrade, which could cause significant query performance degradations on busy systems until the ANALYZE finished running. PostgreSQL 18 introduces the ability to keep planner statistics through a major version upgrade, which helps an upgraded cluster reach expected performance more quickly after the upgrade.
Additionally, pg_upgrade, a utility that performs major version upgrades, includes several enhancements in PostgreSQL 18, such as faster upgrades when a database contains many objects like tables and sequences. This release also lets pg_upgrade process its checks in parallel based on the settings of the –jobs flag, and adds the –swap flag that swaps upgrade directories instead of copying, cloning, or linking files.
Query and general performance enhancements:
PostgreSQL 18 further accelerates query performance with features that automatically make your workloads faster. This release introduces “skip scan” lookups on multicolumn B-tree indexes that improve execution time for queries that omit an = condition on one or more prefix index columns. It can also optimize queries that use OR conditions in a WHERE to use an index, leading to significantly faster execution. There are also numerous improvements for how PostgreSQL plans and executes table joins, from boosting the performance of hash joins to allowing merge joins to use incremental sorts. PostgreSQL 18 also supports parallel builds for GIN indexes, joining B-tree and BRIN indexes in supporting this capability.
This release also builds on PostgreSQL support for hardware acceleration, including support for ARM NEON and SVE CPU intrinsics for the popcount function, which is used by the bit_count and other internal capabilities.
Enhancing the developer experience:
PostgreSQL 18 introduces virtual generated columns that compute values at query time instead of storing them. This is now the default option for generated columns. Additionally, stored generated columns can now be logically replicated.
This release adds the capability to access both the previous (OLD) and current (NEW) values in the RETURNING clause for INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE and MERGE commands. PostgreSQL 18 also adds UUIDv7 generation through the uuidv7() function, letting you generate random UUIDs that are timestamp-ordered to support better caching strategies. PostgreSQL 18 includes uuidv4() as an alias for gen_random_uuid().
PostgreSQL 18 adds temporal constraints — constraints over ranges — for both PRIMARY KEY and UNIQUE constraints using the WITHOUT OVERLAPS clause, and on FOREIGN KEY constraints using the PERIOD clause.
Finally, PostgreSQL 18 makes it easier to create the schema definition of a foreign table using the definition of a local table with the CREATE FOREIGN TABLE … LIKE command.
Improved text processing:
PostgreSQL 18 makes text processing easier and faster with several new enhancements. This release adds the PG_UNICODE_FAST collation, which provides full Unicode semantics for case transformations while helping to accelerate many comparisons. This includes the upper and lower string comparison functions and the new casefold function for case-insensitive comparisons. Additionally, PostgreSQL 18 now supports making LIKE comparisons over text that uses a nondeterministic collation, simplifying how you can perform more complex pattern matching. This release also changes full text search to use the default collation provider of a cluster instead of always using libc, which may require you to reindex all full text search and pg_trgm indexes after running pg_upgrade.
Authentication and security features:
PostgreSQL 18 introduces oauth authentication, which lets users authenticate using OAuth 2.0 mechanisms supported through PostgreSQL extensions. Additionally, PostgreSQL 18 includes validation for FIPS mode, and adds the ssl_tls13_ciphers parameter for configuring server-side TLS v1.3 cipher suites.
This release deprecates md5 password authentication, which will be removed in a future release. If you require PostgreSQL password-based authentication, use SCRAM authentication. PostgreSQL 18 also supports SCRAM passthrough authentication with both postgres_fdw and dblink for authenticating to remote PostgreSQL instances. Additionally, pgcrypto now supports SHA-2 encryption for password hashing.
Replication:
PostgreSQL 18 supports reporting logical replication write conflicts in logs and in the pg_stat_subscription_stats view. Additionally, CREATE SUBSCRIPTION now defaults to using parallel streaming for applying transactions, which can help improve performance. The pg_createsubscriber utility now has an –all flag so you can create logical replicas for all databases in an instance with a single command. PostgreSQL 18 also lets you automatically drop idle replication slots to help prevent storing too many write-ahead log files on a publisher.
Maintenance and observability:
PostgreSQL 18 improves its vacuum strategy by proactively freezing more pages during regular vacuums, reducing overhead and helping in situations that require aggressive vacuums.
PostgreSQL 18 adds more details to EXPLAIN, which provides information about query plan execution, and as of this release now automatically shows how many buffers (the fundamental unit of data storage) are accessed when executing EXPLAIN ANALYZE. Additionally, EXPLAIN ANALYZE now shows how many index lookups occur during an index scan, and EXPLAIN ANALYZE VERBOSE includes CPU, WAL, and average read statistics. PostgreSQL 18 includes more info in pg_stat_all_tables on time spent on vacuum and related operations, as well as per-connection statistics on I/O and WAL utilization.
Other notable changes:
Databases initialized with PostgreSQL 18 initdb now have page checksums enabled by default. This can affect upgrades from non-checksum enabled clusters, which would require you to create a new PostgreSQL 18 cluster with the –no-data-checksums option when using pg_upgrade.
PostgreSQL 18 also introduces a new version (3.2) of the PostgreSQL wire protocol, the first new protocol version since PostgreSQL 7.4 (2003). libpq still uses version 3.0 by default while clients (e.g., drivers, poolers, proxies) add support for the new protocol version.
Additional Features:
Many other new features and improvements have been added to PostgreSQL 18 that may also be helpful for your use cases. Please see the release notes for a complete list of new and changed features.

官方下载：https://www.enterprisedb.com/downloads/postgres-postgresql-downloads